金刚烷胺制药胺化废水与溴化废水的中和-络合萃取处理

考察了两种废水中和反应过程对污染物的去除效果,然后采用P204/正辛醇复配萃取剂对废水进行络合萃取处理.结果表明,采用溴化废水中和滴定胺化废水可以大幅消减废水中污染物,避免后续萃取过程中的乳化现象;在pH值为8.0,油/水相比为1:1的条件下,P204:正辛醇=3:2的复配萃取剂对废水中TOC和金刚烷胺的单级萃取效率分别为49.6%和99.5%;多级萃取对TOC去除率没有明显提高;以2.0mol/L的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,在水/油相比为1:1条件下,可以将47.5%的金刚烷胺从负载有机相中反萃分离,回收得到的金刚烷胺盐酸溶液可以回用,再生后的萃取剂可以多次重复使用.     

铁基催化剂的微波水热处理对其SCR脱硝性能的影响

利用微波对共沉淀制备的铁铈钛复合氧化物催化剂前驱体进行水热处理,探讨了微波水热处理对铁基催化剂低温SCR脱硝性能的优化;并对微波水热处理条件的影响进行了正交分析.结果表明:对铁基催化剂前驱体进行微波水热处理,可提高其低温SCR脱硝性能,使其脱硝温度窗口向低温偏移;且微波水热处理的低温优化效果与催化剂中Fe/Ti摩尔比密切相关,Fe/Ti摩尔比越小,微波水热处理的低温优化越强;微波加热方式和微波辐射时间会影响微波水热处理对铁基催化剂SCR脱硝性能的低温优化;在相同微波辐射时间条件下,当P30逐渐变为P80,微波水热处理对铁基催化剂低温SCR脱硝的促进作用降低;在P30条件下,微波辐射15min使铁基催化剂具有最佳低温SCR脱硝活性.     

基于EMA-MFA核算的县域绿色GDP及空间分异——以河南省为例

自然资本的定量货币化及空间属性是区域绿色经济发展研究的基本问题。针对绿色GDP核算中资源环境成本市场定价的缺陷,采用复合生态系统分析框架,整合能值分析(EMA)与物质流分析(MFA)方法,用能值-货币价值对资源损耗与环境退化定价,进而测度绿色国民财富的生态经济价值。以资源型大省河南为研究区域,估算2009年108个县域单元的各项能值指标及绿色经济发展水平,分析复合生态系统能值指标的空间特征,比较绿色GDP与传统GDP的差异,在此基础上划分县域绿色经济发展的地域类型。结果表明:基于EMA-MFA的绿色GDP核算是一种以生态为中心的强调可持续性的评价方法,旨在从复合生态系统的生态过程视角说明资源环境对社会经济发展的重要作用;河南省县域复合生态系统各能值指标在空间上集中分布且具有一定区域差异,基于EMA-MFA核算的绿色GDP与传统GDP相比核算结果差异大,绿色经济与传统经济发展水平空间分异变化明显;县域绿色GDP根据本地自然生态支撑能力、资源环境损耗状况可分为5类地域类型;不同地域类型的县域应根据现状水平与优势特征,因地制宜地加快绿色经济发展。     

复杂地貌区域生态敏感区综合评价与保护对策——以广西钦州市为例

复杂地貌区域国土开发受生态环境因素影响较单一地貌地区更复杂,其境内生态敏感区类型较多,且空间分布比较杂乱,不同生态敏感区之间又相互影响。文章选择山、水、林、田、城互为镶嵌的广西钦州市作为案例城市,以小流域为评价单元,建立集"地"、"水"、"绿"三位于一体的评价体系,在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,将单因子定性分级和多因子空间叠加模型相结合,对整个区域的生态敏感区进行综合评价及分区。从研究结果来看,这种评价技术能够较好地反映这些生态敏感区的综合分异规律,有助于当地政府在区域开发中制定更为科学的生态安全防范对策。     

铬污染土壤超低频复电阻率频散特性

在超低频段(2-5~26Hz)内,研究了铬污染土壤复电阻率在不同含水率、铬含量和孔隙率下的幅值及相位频散特性. 结果显示,铬污染土壤复电阻率的幅值随频率的增大呈单调递减趋势,但相位随频率的变化曲线呈平放的S形. 含水率、铬含量和孔隙率的变化均会引起土壤复电阻率的幅值和相位大小的改变,而相位峰值的位置只对含水率及孔隙率的变化较为敏感,与铬含量变化的关系不大. 含水率从0.08增至0.24时可导致相位峰值的位置产生约8Hz的右移;而当w(Cr6+)从0.5g/kg增至4.0g/kg时,相位峰值的位置基本不发生变化. 表明铬含量和含水率的增大均会引起电阻率减小的异常现象,若单纯地使用电阻率很难区分引起这2种异常现象的原因,但结合土壤复电阻率频散特性特别是相位峰值的位置可以进行有效判别,进而可判定铬污染场地的铬含量分布.      

Providing health services during a civil war: the experience of a garrison town in South Sudan

The impact of conflict, particularly conflict arising during civil wars, on the provision of healthcare is a subject that has not been widely considered in conflict‐related research. Combatants often target health services to weaken or to defeat the enemy, while attempts to maintain or improve health systems also can comprise part of counter‐insurgency ‘hearts‐and‐minds’ strategies. This paper describes the dynamics associated with the provision of health services in Malakal, an important garrison town in South Sudan, during the second Sudanese civil war (1983–2005). Drawing on the concepts of opportunity hoarding and exploitation, it explores the social and political dynamics of service provision in and around the town during the war. These concepts provide a useful lens with which to understand better how health services are affected by conflict, while the empirical case study presented in the paper illustrates dynamics that may be repeated in other contexts. The concepts and case study set out in this paper should prove useful to healthcare providers working in conflict zones, including humanitarian aid agencies and their employees, increasing their understanding of the social and political dynamics that they are likely to face during future conflict‐related complex emergencies.     

基于自然保护区属性的管理成本分析

从自然保护区的管理成本构成入手,分析了自然保护区属性对不同尺度上管理成本的影响方式,在分类总结自然保护区管理成本的分析方法基础上,提出基于自然保护区属性的管理成本分析流程。该研究结果可为准确掌握自然保护区管理成本规模与构成、科学评估与预测资金投入后的使用效率与保护效果提供支持,并可为揭示自然保护区复合生态系统格局与过程提供新思路。     

加速填埋场稳定化进程复合菌系的构建

针对传统的填埋场稳定化时间长等问题,采用生物强化技术以加速填埋场的稳定化进程.以反复筛选与多次传代培养的性能稳定的功能菌群为基础,通过研究不同组合的功能菌群对填埋场所产渗滤液及填埋垃圾稳定过程的影响,构建了一组能加速填埋场稳定化进程的复合菌系.结果表明,该复合菌系较其他组合功能菌群对渗滤液指标影响最大,渗滤液的产量、COD和氨氮影响最大,使各指标在填埋初期达到峰值后明显消减,分别在49,30和44d后持续低于其他各组,且氨氮浓度130d后低于10mg/L,达到国家生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB 16889-2008)规定的渗滤液氨氮排放标准.渗滤液累计产量、COD和氨氮总量在整个填埋周期较对照组分别减少了26.66%、26.59%和25.40%,降低了填埋场的污染负荷.该复合菌系对垃圾稳定化指标影响最大,至填埋结束时,填埋垃圾TOC 、TN和C/N较对照组分别低39.6%、18.95%和25.48%,垃圾沉降率和总有机质生物降解率分别较对照组提高了9.99%和26.23%.     

Should all disaster risks be reduced? A perspective from the systems concept of the edge of chaos

The field of disaster risk reduction (DRR) has risen to prominence since the declaration of the International Decade of Disaster Risk Reduction between 1990 and 2000. This decade provided the impetus for a change from the predominant paradigm of disaster response to that of disaster risk reduction as a means of addressing the underlying drivers that lead to disasters. In an effort to promote risk reduction, the UNISDR (the principal agency for disaster risk reduction within the UN structure) formulated policies and strategies to provide both conceptual and practical guidance as to how risk should be reduced. However noble the efforts, this paper contends that the current approach to and understanding of risk within the international community might not be cognisant of complex adaptive systems (CAS) concepts such as the edge of chaos. Specifically, this concept argues that risk (or chaos) within a system is actually a fundamental requirement to the functioning of all resilient socio-ecological systems. Therefore, the reduction of risk without an understanding of the role of that risk within the larger socio-ecological system might actually end up reducing the system’s overall level of disaster resilience. This paper aims to explore the concept of edge of chaos through a literature review of key theoretical works on the topic, followed by a discussion on its implications for the predominant paradigm of risk reduction within disaster risk management policy and practice.     

中国区域物流系统脆弱性评估研究

为了提升区域物流系统可靠性与可持续发展能力,基于复杂系统理论对区域物流系统脆弱性进行概念界定,构建了区域物流系统脆弱性的概念模型;在分析区域物流系统脆弱性影响因素的基础上,提出了脆弱性评价指标体系及综合评价模型,并对中国大陆地区31个省（直辖市、自治区）区域物流系统脆弱性的空间分异特征进行了研究。研究表明:全国层面的区域物流系统脆弱性两极分化的空间分异特征显著,具有明显的“西高东低”特征;高生态环境脆弱性和高社会脆弱性是区域物流系统脆弱性居高的主要原因;全国的区域物流系统生态环境脆弱性普遍偏高,而东部地区物流系统资源脆弱性最高。